25.1 Guided Reading the Beginnings of Industrialization

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1. 25.1 The Beginnings of25.1 The Beginnings of IndustrializationIndustrialization The Industrial Revolution starts inThe Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon spreads toEngland and soon spreads to other countries.other countries.
2. Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion  English authorEnglish author Charles DickensCharles Dickens (1812-1870)(1812-1870)
3. Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion  Original cover ofOriginal cover of TheThe Posthumous PapersPosthumous Papers of the Pickwick Clubof the Pickwick Club (commonly known as(commonly known as The PickwickThe Pickwick PapersPapers), the first), the first novel by Charlesnovel by Charles Dickens.Dickens.
4. Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion  FirstFirst editionedition front piecefront piece ofof AA ChristmasChristmas CarolCarol (1843)(1843)
5.  FrontFront piece ofpiece of the firstthe first edition ofedition of OliverOliver TwistTwist (1838).(1838). Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion
6. Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionCharles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Mansion  First Edition cover ofFirst Edition cover of David CopperfieldDavid Copperfield (1850)(1850)
7. Gads Hill Place: Country Home ofGads Hill Place: Country Home of Charles DickensCharles Dickens Dickens family on their porch at Gads Hill Place
8. Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain  New Ways of WorkingNew Ways of Working  Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution—greatly increases—greatly increases output of machine-made goods.output of machine-made goods.  Revolution begins in England in the middleRevolution begins in England in the middle 1700s.1700s.
9. Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain  The Agricultural Revolution Paves theThe Agricultural Revolution Paves the WayWay  EnclosuresEnclosures—large farm fields enclosed by—large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedgesfences or hedges  Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land onceWealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned by village farmers.owned by village farmers.  Enclosures allowed experimentation with newEnclosures allowed experimentation with new agricultural methodsagricultural methods
10. Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain  Rotating CropsRotating Crops  Crop rotationCrop rotation—— switching crops eachswitching crops each year to avoid depletingyear to avoid depleting soilsoil  Livestock breedersLivestock breeders allow only the best toallow only the best to breed, improve foodbreed, improve food supply.supply. Satellite image of rotated crops in Kansas in June 2001
11. Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain  Why the Industrial Revolution Began inWhy the Industrial Revolution Began in EnglandEngland  IndustrializationIndustrialization—move to machine—move to machine production of goodsproduction of goods  Britain has natural resources—coal, iron,Britain has natural resources—coal, iron, rivers, harborsrivers, harbors  Expanding economy in Britain encouragesExpanding economy in Britain encourages investmentinvestment  Britain has all needed factors of production—Britain has all needed factors of production— land, labor, capitalland, labor, capital
12. Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization  Changes in theChanges in the Textile IndustryTextile Industry  Weavers workWeavers work faster withfaster with flying shuttlesflying shuttles andand spinningspinning jenniesjennies  Water frameWater frame uses wateruses water power to drivepower to drive spinning wheelsspinning wheels
13. Spinning Jenny
14.  ""Carding" is a mechanical process that breaks upCarding" is a mechanical process that breaks up locks and unorganized clumps of fiber and then alignslocks and unorganized clumps of fiber and then aligns the individual fibers so that they are more or lessthe individual fibers so that they are more or less parallel with each other. This enabled them to be moreparallel with each other. This enabled them to be more easily spun into thread. The old method was done byeasily spun into thread. The old method was done by hand using these tools.hand using these tools. cardingcarding machine-machine- replaces thereplaces the hand processhand process of combing outof combing out the fibersthe fibers before theybefore they can be spuncan be spun into yarn orinto yarn or thread.thread.
15. Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization  Power loomPower loom, and, and spinning mulespinning mule (next(next slide) speed up production, improveslide) speed up production, improve quality.quality.
16. Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization  Factories—Factories— buildings thatbuildings that containcontain machinery formachinery for manufacturingmanufacturing
17. Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization  Cotton ginCotton gin boostsboosts AmericanAmerican cottoncotton productionproduction to meetto meet BritishBritish demanddemand "The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving"The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving fromfrom Harper's MagazineHarper's Magazine, 1869. This, 1869. This carving depicts a roller gin, whichcarving depicts a roller gin, which preceded Whitney's invention.preceded Whitney's invention.
18. James Watt Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation  Watt's Steam EngineWatt's Steam Engine  Need for cheap, convenientNeed for cheap, convenient power spurs developmentpower spurs development of steam engineof steam engine  James Watt improvesJames Watt improves steam engine, financed bysteam engine, financed by Matthew BoultonMatthew Boulton  Boulton—anBoulton—an entrepreneurentrepreneur —organizes, manages,—organizes, manages, takes business risks.takes business risks. Matthew Boulton
19. Steam engine designed by Boulton & Watt. Engraving of a 1784 engine. Reproduction of James Watt's steam engine
20. Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation  Water TransportationWater Transportation  Robert Fulton builds firstRobert Fulton builds first steamboat, the Clermont,steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807in 1807  England's water transportEngland's water transport improved by system ofimproved by system of canalscanals
21. Fulton's North River Steamboat as it appeared in 1807, later named Clermont
22. Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation  Road TransportationRoad Transportation  British roads areBritish roads are improved;improved; companies operatecompanies operate them as toll roads.them as toll roads. These were calledThese were called "turnpike trusts"."turnpike trusts". The A4 is a historic major road in England, portions of which are known as the Great West Road and Bath Road.
23. Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation  By the early Victorian periodBy the early Victorian period toll gates were perceived astoll gates were perceived as an impediment to free trade.an impediment to free trade. The multitude of small trustsThe multitude of small trusts were frequently charged withwere frequently charged with being inefficient in use ofbeing inefficient in use of resources and potentiallyresources and potentially suffered from pettysuffered from petty corruption.corruption.  The railway era speltThe railway era spelt disaster for most turnpikedisaster for most turnpike trusts.trusts. The Round House (Old Toll House) at Stanton Drew
24. The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins  Steam-DrivenSteam-Driven LocomotivesLocomotives  InIn 1804, Richard1804, Richard TrevithickTrevithick builds firstbuilds first steam-drivensteam-driven locomotivelocomotive
25. Trevithick's No. 14 engine, built by Hazledine and Co., Bridgnorth, about 1804, and illustrated after being rescued circa 1885; from Scientific American Supplement, Vol. XIX, No. 470, January 3, 1885.
26. The Coalbrookdale company then built a rail locomotive for him, but little is known about it, including whether or not it actually ran.
27. Trevithick's 1804 locomotive. This full-scale replica of steam-powered railway locomotive is in the National Waterfront Museum, Swansea
28. The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins  Sir Topham HattSir Topham Hatt (nicknamed "The Fat(nicknamed "The Fat Controller") was a famousController") was a famous railway administrator onrailway administrator on the Island of Sodorthe Island of Sodor located between Englandlocated between England and the Isle of Mann.and the Isle of Mann. Called by Thomas (theCalled by Thomas (the Tank Engine) the fatherTank Engine) the father of the Sodor Railway!of the Sodor Railway!
29. Attention: The previous two slidesAttention: The previous two slides were a joke. The Sir Topham Hattwere a joke. The Sir Topham Hatt and the Isle of Sodor are fictional!and the Isle of Sodor are fictional! April Fool!April Fool!
30. The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins  In 1825, GeorgeIn 1825, George Stephenson buildsStephenson builds worlds first railroadworlds first railroad line.line.  He is called theHe is called the "Father of Railways"."Father of Railways".  His rail gauge of 4 feetHis rail gauge of 4 feet 8½ inches (1,4358½ inches (1,435 mm), sometimesmm), sometimes called "Stephensoncalled "Stephenson gauge", is the world'sgauge", is the world's standard gauge.standard gauge.
31. The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins Liverpool-Manchester RailroadLiverpool-Manchester Railroad  Entrepreneurs build railroadEntrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchesterfrom Liverpool to Manchester
32. The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins  Stephenson'sStephenson's RocketRocket acknowledged as theacknowledged as the best locomotive (1829)best locomotive (1829)
33. A cutaway view of the cylinder and steam valve of the replica Rocket
34. Rocket replica
35. The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins  Railroads Revolutionize Life in BritainRailroads Revolutionize Life in Britain  Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobsRailroads spur industrial growth, create jobs  Cheaper transportation boosts manyCheaper transportation boosts many industries; people move to citiesindustries; people move to cities